What is an Ocular Migraine? 

An ocular migraine is a type of migraine associated with visual disturbance that may or may not accompany a headache. Ocular migraine is different from traditional migraine as it primarily affects vision rather than causing severe head pain. People experiencing an ocular migraine may often see flashing lights, blind spots, or zigzag lines. Ocular migraines are transient but can last up to half an hour at times. Such episodes are certainly unsettling but are usually temporary and not life threatening.

Ocular Migraine Types

1. Retinal Migraine: This type of ocular migraine is uncommon and it affects just one eye. A retinal migraine might result in temporary blindness or visual loss. Usually, normal vision resumes after the migraine ends. Retinal migraines can be dangerous and it is best advised to consult a healthcare professional, particularly if vision loss is prolonged.
2. Visual Migraine or Migraine with Aura: This type of migraine is more prevalent and causes visual abnormalities in both eyes including the appearance of lights, patterns and/or blind spots – also referred to as scotomas. In contrast to retinal migraines, a visual migraine frequently, though not always, is accompanied by a headache.

Ocular Migraine Symptoms  

These are the most common symptoms associated with Ocular Migraine -

• Blind spots (scotomas)
• Zigzag or wavy lines in the field of vision
• Flashing lights (scintillations) or flickering
• Visual disturbances that typically last between 10 to 30 minutes 
• Temporary vision loss in one or both eyes 

In addition to these symptoms, some people may also experience nausea, sensitivity to light (photophobia), or dizziness during or after this migraine episode. 

Ocular Migraine Causes and Triggers

The exact cause of ocular migraines isn’t well understood, but they are thought to result from changes in blood flow to the brain or retina. Some researchers also believe there is a genetic component related to ocular migraines, as 50% of people who experience ocular migraines already have a family history of migraine headaches. Possible triggers for ocular migraine include:

• Stress: Physical or emotional stress can lead to migraines, including ocular migraine.
• Bright or flashing lights: Sensitivity to light, especially prolonged exposure to screens or harsh lighting, can set off an ocular migraine.
• Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in oestrogen levels, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can trigger migraines.
• Changes in sleep patterns: Too much or too little sleep can affect migraine occurrence.
• Certain foods: Processed foods, aged cheeses, alcohol (especially red wine), and caffeine may act as triggers for some people.
• Changes in the weather: Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can also trigger ocular migraine. 
• Dehydration: Lack of adequate fluid intake can provoke migraine episodes.

Treating Ocular Migraines  

There’s no specific cure for ocular migraines, but treatment focuses on symptom management and prevention:

• Resting in a dark, quiet room during an ocular migraine can help ease symptoms.
• Lifestyle changes like staying hydrated, managing stress, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule may help prevent episodes.
• Incorporate regular physical activity and relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation to reduce the overall frequency of migraines.
• Avoiding known triggers such as bright lights, strong odours, and certain foods can also be beneficial.
• A limited time screen can decrease your eye strain and reduce the chances of triggering migraine. 

Diagnosing Ocular Migraines

Although ocular migraines can be frightening, their impact on day-to-day living can be reduced with the identification of triggers and their effective management. It is better to consult a healthcare professional if you frequently have such visual disturbances however. Early consultation is effective in ruling out more serious issues and in determining the best course of treatment.